Smart Money Moves: 10 Financial Tips Every Educator Should Know
Starting Fresh: Why Educators Should Reexamine Their Finances This Year
As the new year begins, it's the perfect time for educators to take a closer look at their finances and set themselves up for success. Teaching is a deeply rewarding profession, but it often comes with unique financial challenges. Between managing student loans, classroom expenses, and the realities of living on a teacher’s salary, it can feel overwhelming to make progress toward financial stability.
Many educators find themselves balancing tight budgets, navigating periods without pay during the summer months, or using personal funds for classroom supplies. While these challenges are common, they don’t have to prevent you from achieving your financial goals. With thoughtful planning and practical strategies, you can take control of your finances and make the most of your income.
This guide provides actionable financial tips for educators, offering insights into budgeting, saving, and finding extra income opportunities. Whether you’re looking to build an emergency fund, maximize your retirement savings, or simply spend smarter, these money tips for teachers will help you make informed decisions and start the year off strong.
Let’s dive into these financial tips for educators and empower you to make 2024 your most financially savvy year yet!
1. Create a Monthly Budget
Budgeting is a cornerstone of financial wellness, especially for teachers who often work within the constraints of a fixed income. A monthly budget empowers educators to track their expenses, prioritize their needs, and plan for future goals—whether it's saving for professional development, taking a well-deserved vacation, or simply managing the cost of classroom supplies.
The Importance of Budgeting for Teachers
Teaching is a rewarding career, but it often comes with unique financial challenges. According to a 2022 report by the National Education Association, the average teacher salary in the U.S. is around $66,000 annually, though this varies significantly by state. For new teachers, the starting salary is often much lower. Combine that with rising living costs, healthcare expenses, and out-of-pocket spending on classroom supplies (estimated at an average of $500 per year), and it becomes clear why budgeting is essential.
A well-structured budget helps teachers:
- Gain Control Over Finances: A budget provides clarity on where money is going and helps eliminate unnecessary spending.
- Plan for Irregular Expenses: Teachers can prepare for expenses that don’t occur monthly, such as summer vacations or holiday gifts.
- Set Savings Goals: Whether it’s for retirement, a home, or emergencies, budgeting ensures teachers can set aside money regularly.
- Reduce Financial Stress: By having a clear plan, teachers can reduce anxiety over unexpected costs or paycheck-to-paycheck living.
Steps to Create a Budget
- Track Income and Expenses:
- Note all sources of income, including teaching salaries, side gigs, or stipends.
- Categorize expenses into fixed (e.g., rent, utilities) and variable (e.g., groceries, entertainment).
- Note all sources of income, including teaching salaries, side gigs, or stipends.
- Set Spending Limits:
- Use the 50/30/20 rule as a starting point: allocate 50% for needs, 30% for wants, and 20% for savings or debt repayment.
- Adjust percentages based on personal circumstances.
- Use the 50/30/20 rule as a starting point: allocate 50% for needs, 30% for wants, and 20% for savings or debt repayment.
- Plan for Professional Costs:
- Teachers often pay for continuing education or classroom materials. Allocate a portion of the budget for these professional expenses.
- Teachers often pay for continuing education or classroom materials. Allocate a portion of the budget for these professional expenses.
- Automate Savings:
- Automate transfers to savings accounts to ensure consistent contributions, even on tight months.
- Automate transfers to savings accounts to ensure consistent contributions, even on tight months.
Examples of Budgeting Tools and Apps
There are many digital tools that can make budgeting easier and more efficient for educators:
- You Need A Budget (YNAB): Encourages users to allocate every dollar to a specific purpose, helping them break the paycheck-to-paycheck cycle.
- Mint: A free app that syncs with bank accounts to track spending, set budget limits, and provide alerts for overspending.
- EveryDollar: Offers a zero-based budgeting approach where every dollar is assigned a job.
- Goodbudget: Uses the envelope budgeting system, ideal for those who prefer a more visual way to manage expenses.
- Spreadsheets: For those who prefer customization, Google Sheets or Excel templates can be a simple yet effective option.
Budgeting Tips for Teachers
- Consider Seasonal Income Fluctuations: Teachers often receive paychecks over 10 or 12 months. If opting for the 10-month pay schedule, plan ahead for summer months without income.
- Take Advantage of Discounts: Many businesses offer discounts for educators on everything from classroom supplies to travel, which can help stretch your budget.
- Build an Emergency Fund: Aim for at least 3–6 months’ worth of living expenses to cover unexpected costs like medical bills or car repairs.
Creating a monthly budget is a proactive step toward financial stability and peace of mind. By tracking income and expenses, utilizing helpful apps, and planning for irregular costs, teachers can manage their money effectively, freeing themselves to focus on their passion for educating others. Budgeting is not just about limiting spending; it’s about aligning financial resources with personal values and long-term goals.
2. Set Savings Goals
Savings goals are essential for achieving financial security and stability, especially for educators working within a structured salary framework. By setting clear short-term and long-term savings goals, teachers can prepare for unexpected expenses, secure their retirement, and build a strong financial foundation. With the right strategies, saving becomes a consistent and manageable habit.
The Importance of Short-Term Savings
Short-term savings focus on immediate financial needs and unexpected expenses. For teachers, these can include everything from car repairs to medical bills or unplanned classroom expenses. A well-funded short-term savings account, often referred to as an emergency fund, ensures that these costs don’t derail monthly budgets or lead to debt.
- Emergency Fund Goals:
- Financial experts recommend setting aside at least 3–6 months of living expenses in an emergency fund.
- For educators, this fund is particularly critical during summer months if income is received on a 10-month schedule.
- Financial experts recommend setting aside at least 3–6 months of living expenses in an emergency fund.
- Other Short-Term Savings Examples:
- Classroom supplies or technology upgrades.
- Professional development courses or certifications.
- Travel or family vacations.
- Classroom supplies or technology upgrades.
By addressing these immediate financial needs through savings, teachers can avoid using credit cards or dipping into long-term investments.
The Importance of Long-Term Savings
Long-term savings focus on future goals like homeownership, college tuition for children, or retirement. These goals require disciplined planning and a commitment to consistent contributions.
- Retirement Savings:
- Many teachers are enrolled in a pension plan, such as a state-specific plan in the U.S. or the Teacher’s Pension Scheme in the U.K. While pensions provide a good foundation, they may not fully meet retirement needs.
- Teachers should also consider contributing to other retirement accounts, such as:
- 403(b): A retirement account specifically for educators and non-profit employees.
- IRA/Roth IRA: Individual Retirement Accounts offer tax advantages and are an excellent supplement to a pension.
- 403(b): A retirement account specifically for educators and non-profit employees.
- Starting early allows teachers to benefit from compound interest, where savings grow exponentially over time.
- Many teachers are enrolled in a pension plan, such as a state-specific plan in the U.S. or the Teacher’s Pension Scheme in the U.K. While pensions provide a good foundation, they may not fully meet retirement needs.
- Big-Ticket Goals:
- Planning for major milestones like purchasing a home, funding children’s education, or achieving personal goals requires strategic, long-term savings.
- Separate these goals into individual accounts to track progress clearly.
Automating Savings for Consistency
One of the easiest ways to achieve savings goals is by automating contributions. Automating savings ensures consistency, eliminates the temptation to skip contributions, and makes saving a seamless part of financial management.
- How to Automate Savings:
- Set up direct deposits from your paycheck to a savings account or retirement fund.
- Use banking tools to schedule automatic transfers to dedicated savings accounts for specific goals (e.g., emergency fund, travel fund, retirement).
- Set up direct deposits from your paycheck to a savings account or retirement fund.
- Tools to Help Automate Savings:
- Acorns: Automatically rounds up purchases and invests the spare change.
- Qapital: Helps set rules for automated savings based on spending habits.
- Employer Retirement Plans: Most 403(b) and pension plans allow for payroll deductions, making it easy to contribute consistently.
- Acorns: Automatically rounds up purchases and invests the spare change.
Savings Tips for Educators
- Leverage Employer Benefits:
- Many school districts or institutions offer matching contributions for 403(b) accounts. Take full advantage of this to maximize savings.
- Review benefits packages for options like Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) or Flexible Spending Accounts (FSAs).
- Many school districts or institutions offer matching contributions for 403(b) accounts. Take full advantage of this to maximize savings.
- Prioritize Debt Repayment Alongside Savings:
- High-interest debt, like credit card balances, should be addressed while saving. Consider splitting available funds between debt repayment and savings contributions.
- High-interest debt, like credit card balances, should be addressed while saving. Consider splitting available funds between debt repayment and savings contributions.
- Separate Accounts for Different Goals:
- Use high-yield savings accounts for emergency funds to earn more interest.
- Create multiple savings accounts for specific purposes (e.g., professional development, vacations) to stay organized.
- Use high-yield savings accounts for emergency funds to earn more interest.
- Start Small and Increase Over Time:
- Begin with manageable contributions, even if it’s just $25 per paycheck. Gradually increase the amount as financial circumstances improve.
The Benefits of Setting Savings Goals
- Financial Security: Teachers can handle emergencies or irregular expenses without financial strain.
- Peace of Mind: Knowing that retirement or big-ticket goals are funded reduces stress and allows educators to focus on their work.
- Flexibility: Savings provide the freedom to make choices, whether it’s taking a sabbatical, pursuing further education, or enjoying well-earned vacations.
Setting savings goals is a vital step in financial planning for educators. By focusing on both short-term needs like emergency funds and long-term priorities like retirement, teachers can create a roadmap for financial success. Automating savings ensures consistency and helps make saving a habitual part of life, giving teachers the financial stability to enjoy their careers and achieve their dreams. With the right strategies, saving becomes a manageable, empowering process that benefits educators at every stage of their journey.
3. Take Advantage of Educator Discounts
Educator discounts are one of the many perks that come with being a teacher, offering opportunities to save on everything from classroom supplies to travel and retail. Taking full advantage of these discounts can significantly reduce out-of-pocket expenses and even make room for a few extra indulgences. By leveraging these deals, teachers can stretch their budgets further while enjoying well-deserved perks for their hard work and dedication.
Common Teacher Discounts
Teachers can access discounts across various categories that cater to both professional and personal needs. Here’s a breakdown of some of the most popular ones:
- Classroom and School Supplies:
- Staples and Office Depot/OfficeMax:
- These stores often offer teacher loyalty programs that include discounts on classroom essentials like pens, paper, and organizational tools.
- These stores often offer teacher loyalty programs that include discounts on classroom essentials like pens, paper, and organizational tools.
- Michaels:
- Teachers can receive 15% off in-store and online purchases, perfect for craft supplies or classroom decor.
- Teachers can receive 15% off in-store and online purchases, perfect for craft supplies or classroom decor.
- Scholastic Book Clubs:
- Offers discounted books and teaching resources for building classroom libraries.
- Offers discounted books and teaching resources for building classroom libraries.
- Staples and Office Depot/OfficeMax:
- Technology and Electronics:
- Apple Education Store:
- Teachers can save on MacBooks, iPads, and accessories, with discounts of up to 10%.
- Teachers can save on MacBooks, iPads, and accessories, with discounts of up to 10%.
- Dell:
- Offers special pricing for educators on laptops and desktops.
- Offers special pricing for educators on laptops and desktops.
- Adobe Creative Cloud:
- Educators can enjoy discounts on software like Photoshop and Premiere Pro.
- Educators can enjoy discounts on software like Photoshop and Premiere Pro.
- Apple Education Store:
- Travel and Entertainment:
- Hotels:
- Many hotel chains, like Marriott and Hilton, offer educator rates or discounts.
- Many hotel chains, like Marriott and Hilton, offer educator rates or discounts.
- Car Rentals:
- Companies like Hertz and Budget frequently provide special rates for teachers.
- Companies like Hertz and Budget frequently provide special rates for teachers.
- Theme Parks and Attractions:
- Walt Disney World and Universal Studios occasionally have teacher-exclusive promotions.
- Museums and zoos often provide free or discounted admission for educators.
- Walt Disney World and Universal Studios occasionally have teacher-exclusive promotions.
- Hotels:
- Retail Stores:
- Target:
- During back-to-school season, teachers can receive discounts on classroom supplies.
- During back-to-school season, teachers can receive discounts on classroom supplies.
- Joann Fabric and Craft Stores:
- Offers a 15% discount year-round for teachers, ideal for DIY projects.
- Offers a 15% discount year-round for teachers, ideal for DIY projects.
- Banana Republic and J.Crew:
- Both offer 15% discounts for educators on professional attire.
- Both offer 15% discounts for educators on professional attire.
- Target:
- Professional Development and Learning Resources:
- National Education Association (NEA):
- Members can access a variety of discounts, including insurance, travel, and educational materials.
- Members can access a variety of discounts, including insurance, travel, and educational materials.
- Coursera and EdX:
- These platforms often provide free or discounted courses for educators looking to enhance their skills.
- These platforms often provide free or discounted courses for educators looking to enhance their skills.
- National Education Association (NEA):
Tips for Finding Educator-Specific Deals
Maximizing educator discounts requires a little research and planning. Here are some practical strategies:
- Carry Proof of Employment:
- Many discounts require verification. Keep your school ID, a pay stub, or an employment verification letter handy.
- Some companies use services like ID.me or SheerID to confirm eligibility.
- Many discounts require verification. Keep your school ID, a pay stub, or an employment verification letter handy.
- Join Loyalty Programs:
- Sign up for retailer-specific loyalty or rewards programs designed for educators. These programs often offer exclusive deals and early access to promotions.
- Sign up for retailer-specific loyalty or rewards programs designed for educators. These programs often offer exclusive deals and early access to promotions.
- Check Professional Associations:
- Membership in organizations like the National Education Association (NEA) or state-specific teacher associations often includes access to exclusive discounts.
- Membership in organizations like the National Education Association (NEA) or state-specific teacher associations often includes access to exclusive discounts.
- Use Discount Websites:
- Websites like TeacherDiscounts.com, RetailMeNot, and Honey can help you find deals and promo codes tailored for teachers.
- Websites like TeacherDiscounts.com, RetailMeNot, and Honey can help you find deals and promo codes tailored for teachers.
- Follow Brands on Social Media:
- Many companies announce special promotions for educators through their social media channels or email newsletters.
- Many companies announce special promotions for educators through their social media channels or email newsletters.
- Ask Locally:
- Don’t hesitate to inquire about discounts at local stores, restaurants, or service providers. Many businesses are happy to support teachers but may not advertise their deals widely.
- Don’t hesitate to inquire about discounts at local stores, restaurants, or service providers. Many businesses are happy to support teachers but may not advertise their deals widely.
- Seasonal Promotions:
- Back-to-school season is a prime time for educator discounts. Keep an eye out for limited-time offers during this period.
The Impact of Educator Discounts
By tapping into these discounts, teachers can:
- Reduce Out-of-Pocket Spending: Especially for classroom supplies and professional resources.
- Enhance Work-Life Balance: Use travel and entertainment discounts to enjoy well-deserved downtime without overspending.
- Upgrade Tools and Technology: Save on high-quality equipment that enhances productivity both in and out of the classroom.
4. Reduce Debt Strategically
Debt can be a significant obstacle to financial stability, particularly for educators who often operate on a fixed income. Reducing debt strategically ensures that teachers can focus on their goals, save for the future, and reduce financial stress. By prioritizing high-interest debt and exploring tailored solutions, educators can create a clear path toward financial freedom.
Why Reducing Debt Matters for Teachers
Debt, especially high-interest debt like credit card balances, can quickly erode financial security. According to a 2023 study by Experian, the average credit card interest rate exceeds 20%, making it one of the most expensive forms of borrowing. Teachers, who may also have student loans, mortgages, or personal loans, often face unique challenges in balancing debt repayment with other financial priorities.
For educators, reducing debt has additional benefits:
- Improved Cash Flow: Lower monthly payments mean more money for savings or classroom expenses.
- Less Financial Stress: A manageable debt load reduces anxiety and allows teachers to focus on their work.
- Greater Financial Flexibility: Paying off debt provides the freedom to pursue professional development or other personal goals.
Strategies for Reducing Debt
- Prioritize High-Interest Debt First (Debt Avalanche Method):
- Focus on paying off debts with the highest interest rates (e.g., credit cards) while making minimum payments on other debts.
- This approach minimizes the total amount of interest paid over time and speeds up debt elimination.
- Focus on paying off debts with the highest interest rates (e.g., credit cards) while making minimum payments on other debts.
Example:
- Credit card with a 22% interest rate: Pay this off first.
- Student loan with a 6% interest rate: Continue minimum payments until higher-interest debts are cleared.
- Consider the Debt Snowball Method:
- Pay off the smallest debt balances first, regardless of interest rates, to build momentum and motivation.
- This psychological boost can be particularly helpful for teachers managing multiple small debts.
Example: - Personal loan of $1,000: Pay this off entirely before tackling larger debts, even if the interest rate is lower.
- Pay off the smallest debt balances first, regardless of interest rates, to build momentum and motivation.
- Consolidate Debt:
- Debt consolidation combines multiple debts into a single loan, often with a lower interest rate. This simplifies repayment and reduces overall costs.
- Options for teachers:
- Personal Loans: Offered by banks or credit unions for consolidating credit card debt.
- Balance Transfer Credit Cards: Low or 0% interest rates for a promotional period can help pay down debt faster.
- Personal Loans: Offered by banks or credit unions for consolidating credit card debt.
- Debt consolidation combines multiple debts into a single loan, often with a lower interest rate. This simplifies repayment and reduces overall costs.
- Refinance Existing Loans:
- Refinancing can lower the interest rate on student loans, car loans, or mortgages, reducing monthly payments.
- Teachers can explore refinancing options tailored to their profession, such as:
- Teacher Loan Forgiveness Programs: Available for federal student loans if specific teaching criteria are met.
- Teacher-Specific Mortgage Programs: Some lenders offer favorable refinancing terms for educators.
- Teacher Loan Forgiveness Programs: Available for federal student loans if specific teaching criteria are met.
- Refinancing can lower the interest rate on student loans, car loans, or mortgages, reducing monthly payments.
- Use Windfalls Strategically:
- Apply bonuses, tax refunds, or stipends directly to debt repayment to accelerate progress without impacting your regular budget.
- Apply bonuses, tax refunds, or stipends directly to debt repayment to accelerate progress without impacting your regular budget.
- Create a Budget to Support Debt Repayment:
- Allocate a specific portion of monthly income toward debt reduction.
- Tools like Mint or YNAB can help track progress and ensure consistency.
- Allocate a specific portion of monthly income toward debt reduction.
Specialized Debt Reduction Options for Teachers
- Student Loan Forgiveness Programs:
- Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF):
- Federal student loan borrowers may qualify for loan forgiveness after 10 years of qualifying payments while working in public service.
- Federal student loan borrowers may qualify for loan forgiveness after 10 years of qualifying payments while working in public service.
- Teacher Loan Forgiveness:
- Forgives up to $17,500 for teachers in low-income schools or high-need subject areas.
- Forgives up to $17,500 for teachers in low-income schools or high-need subject areas.
- Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF):
- Credit Counseling Services:
- Nonprofit organizations like the National Foundation for Credit Counseling (NFCC) offer free or low-cost credit counseling services.
- These services help teachers develop personalized debt management plans.
- Nonprofit organizations like the National Foundation for Credit Counseling (NFCC) offer free or low-cost credit counseling services.
- Grants or Stipends:
- Some states or districts offer financial incentives or stipends for educators, which can be applied toward debt repayment.
Tips for Staying Debt-Free
- Avoid Taking on New Debt:
- Minimize the use of credit cards unless you can pay the balance in full each month.
- Delay major purchases until savings are sufficient to cover the cost.
- Minimize the use of credit cards unless you can pay the balance in full each month.
- Build an Emergency Fund:
- Save at least 3–6 months of living expenses to avoid relying on credit during emergencies.
- Save at least 3–6 months of living expenses to avoid relying on credit during emergencies.
- Celebrate Milestones:
- Acknowledge and reward progress, such as paying off a credit card, to stay motivated.
5. Maximize Retirement Contributions
Planning for retirement is a critical part of financial wellness, and for teachers, it often involves unique opportunities and challenges. By maximizing contributions to retirement accounts like 403(b) or 401(k) plans and leveraging employer matches, educators can secure a comfortable and stress-free future. With a proactive approach, even small steps taken now can lead to significant benefits later.
Why Retirement Planning is Essential for Teachers
While many teachers benefit from pension plans (such as state-sponsored programs in the U.S.), these may not be sufficient to fully cover expenses in retirement. In fact, according to a 2022 report from the National Institute on Retirement Security, many pensions replace only about 50–75% of a teacher's pre-retirement income. To bridge this gap and maintain their standard of living, educators need to take additional steps to save for retirement.
- Financial Independence: Ensures teachers can retire comfortably without relying on others for support.
- Inflation Protection: Helps offset rising living costs, especially for healthcare.
- Peace of Mind: Reduces financial anxiety about the future, allowing educators to focus on their passion for teaching.
Participating in 403(b) or 401(k) Plans
One of the most effective ways for teachers to save for retirement is by contributing to a 403(b) or 401(k) plan. These employer-sponsored plans provide tax advantages and often come with additional benefits, such as employer matching contributions.
- What is a 403(b) Plan?
- A 403(b) plan is specifically designed for educators and employees of non-profits.
- Contributions are made pre-tax, reducing taxable income.
- Investment earnings grow tax-deferred, meaning taxes are only paid upon withdrawal in retirement.
- A 403(b) plan is specifically designed for educators and employees of non-profits.
- What is a 401(k) Plan?
- While less common in schools, some private institutions offer 401(k) plans, which function similarly to 403(b) plans.
- Teachers should inquire whether their employer offers this option.
- While less common in schools, some private institutions offer 401(k) plans, which function similarly to 403(b) plans.
- Take Advantage of Employer Matches:
- Many schools and districts offer to match a percentage of employee contributions.
- Example: If your employer matches 50% of your contributions up to 6% of your salary, contributing 6% means you're effectively saving 9%.
- Don’t Leave Money on the Table: Always contribute enough to qualify for the full employer match.
- Many schools and districts offer to match a percentage of employee contributions.
Simple Strategies to Boost Retirement Savings
- Start Early and Contribute Consistently:
- The earlier you start saving, the more you benefit from compound interest, where your savings grow exponentially over time.
- Even small contributions, like $50–$100 per month, add up significantly over decades.
- The earlier you start saving, the more you benefit from compound interest, where your savings grow exponentially over time.
- Increase Contributions Gradually:
- If contributing the maximum seems overwhelming, start small and increase by 1–2% annually or when you receive a raise.
- Automating increases makes this process seamless.
- If contributing the maximum seems overwhelming, start small and increase by 1–2% annually or when you receive a raise.
- Max Out Contributions:
- For 2024, the annual contribution limit for 403(b) and 401(k) plans is $22,500 (or $30,000 if you’re 50 or older).
- Aim to contribute the maximum amount possible within your budget.
- For 2024, the annual contribution limit for 403(b) and 401(k) plans is $22,500 (or $30,000 if you’re 50 or older).
- Diversify with a Roth IRA:
- Consider opening a Roth IRA to complement your 403(b) or 401(k).
- Contributions are made after-tax, but withdrawals are tax-free in retirement, providing tax diversification.
- Consider opening a Roth IRA to complement your 403(b) or 401(k).
- Contribute Extra During Catch-Up Years:
- Teachers over age 50 can take advantage of catch-up contributions, which allow an additional $7,500 annually in 403(b) and 401(k) plans.
- This is especially helpful for those who started saving later in their careers.
- Teachers over age 50 can take advantage of catch-up contributions, which allow an additional $7,500 annually in 403(b) and 401(k) plans.
- Invest Wisely:
- Many retirement plans offer a range of investment options, such as mutual funds, target-date funds, or low-cost index funds.
- Consider speaking with a financial advisor to choose investments aligned with your goals and risk tolerance.
- Many retirement plans offer a range of investment options, such as mutual funds, target-date funds, or low-cost index funds.
Additional Tips for Teacher Retirement Planning
- Understand Your Pension Plan:
- Familiarize yourself with your state’s teacher pension plan, including vesting periods, payout formulas, and eligibility for benefits.
- Determine how much of your retirement income the pension will cover and adjust savings goals accordingly.
- Familiarize yourself with your state’s teacher pension plan, including vesting periods, payout formulas, and eligibility for benefits.
- Plan for Summer Income:
- If you opt for a 10-month pay schedule, use part of your summer income to boost retirement contributions.
- If you opt for a 10-month pay schedule, use part of your summer income to boost retirement contributions.
- Reduce Fees:
- Some 403(b) plans have high fees that can erode savings over time. Research low-fee options within your plan or explore alternatives like IRAs.
- Some 403(b) plans have high fees that can erode savings over time. Research low-fee options within your plan or explore alternatives like IRAs.
- Monitor and Adjust Your Plan:
- Regularly review your retirement plan to ensure it aligns with your goals and adjust contributions or investments as needed.
Retirement Savings Calculator Example
Imagine a teacher contributes $300/month to a 403(b) starting at age 30, with an average annual return of 7%. By age 65, they would have approximately $479,000, even without employer matching contributions. Adding an employer match or increasing contributions over time could significantly boost this total.
6. Use Tax Breaks for Educators
Teachers dedicate their time and resources to shaping the future, often spending out-of-pocket on classroom supplies and professional development. Fortunately, the tax code provides several breaks specifically for educators. By taking advantage of these deductions, teachers can reduce their taxable income and keep more money in their pockets. Understanding these tax benefits and consulting a professional can help educators maximize their savings.
Tax Deductions Available to Teachers
Several tax breaks are designed to ease the financial burden on educators, particularly those related to out-of-pocket expenses. Here are the most common deductions available to teachers:
- Educator Expense Deduction:
- Teachers can deduct up to $300 annually (or $600 if both spouses are educators) for out-of-pocket expenses on classroom supplies, including:
- Books, software, and educational materials.
- Professional development courses.
- Classroom decorations and student supplies.
- Books, software, and educational materials.
- Eligibility: The deduction is available to K-12 teachers, counselors, principals, and aides who work at least 900 hours in a school year.
- Teachers can deduct up to $300 annually (or $600 if both spouses are educators) for out-of-pocket expenses on classroom supplies, including:
Example:
- A teacher who spends $250 on art supplies and $50 on classroom posters can deduct the full $300 from their taxable income.
- Mileage Deduction:
- Teachers who use their personal vehicles for work-related purposes, such as attending professional development or conferences, can deduct mileage.
- The standard mileage rate is set annually by the IRS (e.g., 65.5 cents per mile in 2023).
- Teachers who use their personal vehicles for work-related purposes, such as attending professional development or conferences, can deduct mileage.
Tip: Keep a detailed log of your travel, including dates, destinations, and purpose, to support your claim.
- Home Office Deduction (For Remote Teachers):
- Educators teaching remotely or conducting online classes may qualify for a home office deduction if they use part of their home exclusively for work.
- This deduction can include a portion of rent, utilities, and internet expenses.
- Educators teaching remotely or conducting online classes may qualify for a home office deduction if they use part of their home exclusively for work.
- Student Loan Interest Deduction:
- Teachers repaying student loans can deduct up to $2,500 annually in interest payments.
- Eligibility: This deduction phases out for higher-income earners but is available for most educators.
- Teachers repaying student loans can deduct up to $2,500 annually in interest payments.
- Charitable Contributions:
- Donations to schools or educational nonprofits may be tax-deductible, including monetary gifts or donated classroom supplies.
- Donations to schools or educational nonprofits may be tax-deductible, including monetary gifts or donated classroom supplies.
- Professional Development and Continuing Education:
- Tuition, books, and fees for courses that improve teaching skills may qualify as a deduction under the Lifetime Learning Credit or as an unreimbursed work expense.
Maximizing Teacher Tax Breaks
- Keep Accurate Records:
- Save all receipts for classroom supplies, mileage logs, and professional development costs.
- Use a dedicated folder or digital app to organize expense records throughout the year.
- Save all receipts for classroom supplies, mileage logs, and professional development costs.
- Track All Expenses:
- Include lesser-known deductible items, such as:
some text- Hand sanitizer and cleaning supplies.
- Supplemental materials like flashcards or manipulatives.
- Technology costs, such as apps or subscriptions for educational purposes.
- Hand sanitizer and cleaning supplies.
- Include lesser-known deductible items, such as:
- Leverage State-Specific Tax Breaks:
- Some states offer additional tax benefits for teachers, such as deductions for tuition reimbursement or state-specific retirement contributions.
- Some states offer additional tax benefits for teachers, such as deductions for tuition reimbursement or state-specific retirement contributions.
- Combine Deductions with Other Credits:
- Teachers can claim the Child Tax Credit, Earned Income Tax Credit, or other general tax breaks in addition to educator-specific deductions.
Why Consult a Tax Professional?
Navigating tax deductions can be complex, especially when multiple deductions and credits overlap. A tax professional can:
- Identify all eligible deductions and credits.
- Ensure compliance with IRS guidelines to avoid audits.
- Help maximize refunds or minimize taxes owed.
Online Tools for Teachers:
- TurboTax and H&R Block: These platforms offer educator-specific guidance for filing.
- NEA Member Benefits: Often provide free or discounted tax services for members.
The Impact of Tax Deductions
Maximizing tax deductions can make a significant difference in a teacher’s financial situation. For example:
- A teacher earning $50,000 who deducts $300 for supplies, $2,500 for student loan interest, and $500 for professional development could lower their taxable income to $46,700, potentially saving hundreds in taxes.
7. Plan for Summer Months
For many teachers, summer is a time to recharge and refocus, but it can also bring financial challenges if they’re not receiving paychecks during this period. Planning ahead for the summer months ensures financial stability, allowing educators to enjoy their well-deserved break without stress. By creating a summer-specific savings fund and employing smart budgeting strategies, teachers can seamlessly navigate the unpaid months.
The Financial Challenge of Summer for Teachers
Teachers typically have one of two pay schedules:
- 10-Month Pay Schedule: Provides a higher monthly paycheck during the school year but no income over the summer.
- 12-Month Pay Schedule: Spreads the annual salary over the entire year, resulting in smaller monthly paychecks but consistent income year-round.
For those on a 10-month pay schedule, the summer months can pose financial challenges, especially when combined with travel plans, childcare costs, or professional development expenses.
Strategies to Save for Summer Months
- Create a Summer-Specific Savings Fund:
- Open a separate savings account specifically for summer expenses.
- Contribute a portion of each paycheck during the school year to this account.
- How Much to Save: Estimate your summer expenses (rent/mortgage, utilities, groceries, etc.) and divide this total by the number of months in the school year to determine how much to save monthly.
Example: - Estimated summer expenses: $6,000.
- School months: 10.
- Monthly savings goal: $600.
- Open a separate savings account specifically for summer expenses.
- Use Automatic Transfers:
- Automate savings to ensure consistent contributions.
- Set up direct deposits or automatic transfers into your summer savings fund.
- Automate savings to ensure consistent contributions.
- Budget for the School Year with Summer in Mind:
- Incorporate summer planning into your annual budget.
- Avoid overspending during the school year to leave room for summer savings.
- Incorporate summer planning into your annual budget.
- Explore Summer Income Opportunities:
- Consider taking on a part-time job or freelance work during the summer to supplement income. Popular options for teachers include:
- Tutoring: Offer subject-specific tutoring for students needing extra help.
- Summer School: Many districts offer summer teaching opportunities.
- Seasonal Jobs: Explore opportunities like camp counseling, retail work, or online teaching platforms.
- Tutoring: Offer subject-specific tutoring for students needing extra help.
- Consider taking on a part-time job or freelance work during the summer to supplement income. Popular options for teachers include:
- Reduce Summer Expenses:
- Plan affordable activities for the summer, such as local day trips or free community events.
- Use educator discounts for travel and entertainment to cut costs.
- Plan affordable activities for the summer, such as local day trips or free community events.
- Spread Pay Over 12 Months:
- Some districts offer the option to distribute paychecks over 12 months instead of 10. This ensures consistent income, even during the summer.
- Some districts offer the option to distribute paychecks over 12 months instead of 10. This ensures consistent income, even during the summer.
- Use Tax Refunds or Bonuses Strategically:
- Apply windfalls like tax refunds, bonuses, or stipends directly to your summer savings fund.
- Apply windfalls like tax refunds, bonuses, or stipends directly to your summer savings fund.
- Set Goals for Summer Spending:
- Categorize summer expenses into essential (e.g., housing, utilities) and discretionary (e.g., travel, dining out).
- Stick to spending limits to avoid depleting savings early.
- Categorize summer expenses into essential (e.g., housing, utilities) and discretionary (e.g., travel, dining out).
Tools to Help Plan for Summer
- High-Yield Savings Accounts:
- Earn more interest on your summer fund by placing it in a high-yield savings account.
- Earn more interest on your summer fund by placing it in a high-yield savings account.
- Budgeting Apps:
- Use tools like YNAB, Mint, or EveryDollar to track savings progress and manage expenses.
- Use tools like YNAB, Mint, or EveryDollar to track savings progress and manage expenses.
- Spending Trackers:
- Keep a record of summer expenses to improve planning for future years.
- Keep a record of summer expenses to improve planning for future years.
Benefits of Planning Ahead
- Financial Peace of Mind:
- Knowing that essential expenses are covered allows teachers to focus on rest and rejuvenation.
- Knowing that essential expenses are covered allows teachers to focus on rest and rejuvenation.
- Flexibility for Enjoyment:
- A well-planned summer fund provides freedom to travel, take professional development courses, or simply relax without worrying about money.
- A well-planned summer fund provides freedom to travel, take professional development courses, or simply relax without worrying about money.
- Consistency Across the Year:
- Thoughtful planning ensures a smoother transition back to the school year without financial stress.
8. Explore Side Gigs or Passive Income
For many teachers, earning additional income through side gigs or passive ventures can provide financial security and flexibility. Whether it’s to supplement a fixed salary, fund professional goals, or create a financial safety net, exploring opportunities tailored to educators can help maximize skills and passions. With the right approach, side gigs can be fulfilling, flexible, and even fun.
Why Consider Side Gigs or Passive Income?
- Financial Stability:
- Side gigs provide a cushion for unexpected expenses or unpaid summer months.
- Side gigs provide a cushion for unexpected expenses or unpaid summer months.
- Career Growth:
- Many side hustles, such as tutoring or curriculum design, directly enhance teaching skills and professional development.
- Many side hustles, such as tutoring or curriculum design, directly enhance teaching skills and professional development.
- Personal Fulfillment:
- Pursuing a passion project can bring joy and variety to a teacher’s routine.
Best Side Gigs for Educators
- Tutoring:
- Use your teaching expertise to offer one-on-one or small-group tutoring sessions.
- How to Start:
- Advertise locally or join platforms like Wyzant, Tutor.com, or VIPKid for online tutoring.
- Advertise locally or join platforms like Wyzant, Tutor.com, or VIPKid for online tutoring.
- Earning Potential: $25–$60 per hour, depending on subject expertise and grade level.
- Use your teaching expertise to offer one-on-one or small-group tutoring sessions.
- Selling Lesson Plans and Resources Online:
- Share your teaching materials with other educators on platforms like Teachers Pay Teachers or Etsy.
- What to Sell:
- Lesson plans, classroom management tools, bulletin board designs, or digital resources like PowerPoint presentations.
- Lesson plans, classroom management tools, bulletin board designs, or digital resources like PowerPoint presentations.
- Earning Potential: Passive income ranging from $50 to $500+ per month, depending on the quality and popularity of resources.
- Share your teaching materials with other educators on platforms like Teachers Pay Teachers or Etsy.
- Freelance Writing or Editing:
- Leverage your communication skills to write for educational blogs, publishers, or websites.
- Opportunities:
- Submit articles to teaching publications or create content for educational companies.
- Submit articles to teaching publications or create content for educational companies.
- Earning Potential: $30–$100+ per article or hourly rates for editing projects.
- Leverage your communication skills to write for educational blogs, publishers, or websites.
- Teaching Online Courses:
- Design and teach online courses in your area of expertise on platforms like Outschool, Udemy, or Skillshare.
- Popular Topics:
- Academic subjects, hobby classes, or professional development topics for adults.
- Academic subjects, hobby classes, or professional development topics for adults.
- Earning Potential: Varies by platform, but some educators earn $500+ per course.
- Design and teach online courses in your area of expertise on platforms like Outschool, Udemy, or Skillshare.
- Coaching or Mentoring:
- Offer coaching for new teachers or educational consulting for schools.
- How to Start:
- Advertise your services on LinkedIn or through local networks.
- Advertise your services on LinkedIn or through local networks.
- Earning Potential: $50–$200 per session, depending on experience and demand.
- Offer coaching for new teachers or educational consulting for schools.
- Seasonal Work:
- Consider part-time jobs during school breaks, such as camp counseling, test proctoring, or retail positions.
- Flexible Options: These roles often align with teachers’ summer or holiday schedules.
- Consider part-time jobs during school breaks, such as camp counseling, test proctoring, or retail positions.
- Create Educational YouTube or Social Media Content:
- Share teaching tips, classroom ideas, or subject-specific tutorials.
- Monetization Options:
- Earn revenue through ad placements, sponsorships, or affiliate marketing.
- Earn revenue through ad placements, sponsorships, or affiliate marketing.
- Earning Potential: Highly variable; successful creators can earn hundreds or even thousands per month.
- Share teaching tips, classroom ideas, or subject-specific tutorials.
- Offer Test Prep Services:
- Specialize in standardized test preparation for exams like the SAT, ACT, or GRE.
- How to Start:
- Join established test prep companies like Kaplan or offer private services.
- Join established test prep companies like Kaplan or offer private services.
- Earning Potential: $50–$100 per hour.
- Specialize in standardized test preparation for exams like the SAT, ACT, or GRE.
- Workshops or Public Speaking:
- Use your expertise to lead workshops or present at conferences.
- Popular Topics:
- Classroom management, curriculum design, or incorporating technology in education.
- Classroom management, curriculum design, or incorporating technology in education.
- Earning Potential: $200–$1,000 per workshop or event.
- Use your expertise to lead workshops or present at conferences.
Exploring Passive Income Opportunities
- Write and Publish a Book:
- Share your knowledge by writing an educational book or creating children's literature.
- Use platforms like Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing to self-publish and earn royalties.
- Share your knowledge by writing an educational book or creating children's literature.
- Invest in Real Estate or REITs:
- If you have savings to invest, consider rental properties or Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) for passive income.
- If you have savings to invest, consider rental properties or Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) for passive income.
- Develop a Subscription Service:
- Create a subscription for recurring educational resources, such as monthly lesson plans or classroom activities.
- Create a subscription for recurring educational resources, such as monthly lesson plans or classroom activities.
- Start a Blog or Website:
- Write about teaching tips, classroom experiences, or personal interests.
- Monetize through ads, affiliate links, or sponsored content.
- Write about teaching tips, classroom experiences, or personal interests.
Tips for Success in Side Gigs
- Start Small:
- Begin with a manageable commitment to ensure your side gig doesn’t interfere with your teaching responsibilities.
- Begin with a manageable commitment to ensure your side gig doesn’t interfere with your teaching responsibilities.
- Leverage Existing Skills:
- Choose opportunities that align with your expertise and passions to maximize efficiency and enjoyment.
- Choose opportunities that align with your expertise and passions to maximize efficiency and enjoyment.
- Set Boundaries:
- Avoid burnout by allocating specific times for side gig work and maintaining a healthy work-life balance.
- Avoid burnout by allocating specific times for side gig work and maintaining a healthy work-life balance.
- Market Yourself:
- Use social media, community boards, or professional networks to advertise your services.
- Use social media, community boards, or professional networks to advertise your services.
- Track Income and Expenses:
- Keep detailed records for tax purposes and to evaluate the profitability of your side gig.
9. Invest in Professional Development
Investing in professional development is like upgrading your teacher toolkit with superpowers—it enhances your skills, boosts your earning potential, and opens doors to new opportunities. For educators, gaining additional certifications or training not only benefits your students but also sets you up for financial and professional growth. And the best part? There are often grants, scholarships, and reimbursement programs to help lighten the financial load.
How Professional Development Can Increase Income Potential
Professional development is a strategic way for teachers to climb the salary ladder. Here’s how additional training and certifications can make a tangible impact:
- Salary Advancement:
- Many school districts offer salary increases for completing graduate-level courses or earning advanced degrees.
- Example: Moving from a bachelor’s degree to a master’s degree can increase pay by thousands annually in many districts.
- Many school districts offer salary increases for completing graduate-level courses or earning advanced degrees.
- Specialized Certifications:
- Certifications in areas like Special Education, English as a Second Language (ESL), or STEM fields often come with higher pay and more job opportunities.
- Fun Fact: Teachers with STEM certifications are in such high demand, you might as well start practicing your “in-demand expert” autograph.
- Certifications in areas like Special Education, English as a Second Language (ESL), or STEM fields often come with higher pay and more job opportunities.
- Leadership Roles:
- Additional training can qualify you for roles like department head, instructional coach, or curriculum specialist—all of which typically come with a pay bump.
- Additional training can qualify you for roles like department head, instructional coach, or curriculum specialist—all of which typically come with a pay bump.
- Side Hustle Potential:
- Certifications can also create opportunities outside the classroom, such as tutoring in high-demand subjects, teaching workshops, or consulting for educational organizations.
Funding Professional Development: Grants, Reimbursements, and Freebies
Before you dip into your own pocket, consider these resources to help fund your growth:
- Employer Reimbursement Programs:
- Many school districts offer tuition reimbursement for graduate courses, certifications, or workshops.
- Pro Tip: Check with HR or your union rep for details—sometimes the fine print hides golden opportunities.
- Many school districts offer tuition reimbursement for graduate courses, certifications, or workshops.
- Grants and Scholarships:
- Organizations like the National Education Association (NEA) or Teach.org provide grants specifically for teacher training and professional development.
- State and local programs often have funding for certifications in high-need areas like ESL or Special Education.
- Organizations like the National Education Association (NEA) or Teach.org provide grants specifically for teacher training and professional development.
- Free or Low-Cost Options:
- Platforms like Coursera and edX offer free or affordable courses, and some states provide free training for educators in areas such as digital literacy or classroom technology.
- Platforms like Coursera and edX offer free or affordable courses, and some states provide free training for educators in areas such as digital literacy or classroom technology.
- Professional Development Stipends:
- Some schools provide annual stipends for teachers to attend conferences, enroll in courses, or purchase professional resources.
- Some schools provide annual stipends for teachers to attend conferences, enroll in courses, or purchase professional resources.
How to Manage Professional Development Costs Without Breaking the Bank
- Plan Ahead:
- Research courses and certifications well in advance to take advantage of early registration discounts or free options.
- Research courses and certifications well in advance to take advantage of early registration discounts or free options.
- Budget for Development:
- Allocate a portion of your monthly budget toward professional growth. Treat it as an investment, not an expense. (Think of it like planting seeds—you might not see the fruit immediately, but it’ll be worth it when you do.)
- Allocate a portion of your monthly budget toward professional growth. Treat it as an investment, not an expense. (Think of it like planting seeds—you might not see the fruit immediately, but it’ll be worth it when you do.)
- Take One Step at a Time:
- You don’t have to earn every certification in one go. Focus on areas that align with your passions or offer the greatest immediate benefits.
- You don’t have to earn every certification in one go. Focus on areas that align with your passions or offer the greatest immediate benefits.
- Share Costs with Colleagues:
- If a group of teachers in your school is interested in a particular training, ask your district if they’d fund or subsidize a workshop.
- If a group of teachers in your school is interested in a particular training, ask your district if they’d fund or subsidize a workshop.
- Leverage Tax Deductions:
- Professional development expenses may be tax-deductible. Save receipts for courses, materials, and travel to include on your tax return.
- Professional development expenses may be tax-deductible. Save receipts for courses, materials, and travel to include on your tax return.
Popular Professional Development Paths for Teachers
- Advanced Degrees:
- Degrees like a Master’s in Education or a specialized area like Curriculum Design can unlock higher salary tiers and leadership roles.
- Degrees like a Master’s in Education or a specialized area like Curriculum Design can unlock higher salary tiers and leadership roles.
- National Board Certification:
- Recognized across the U.S., this certification can increase earnings and showcase your teaching expertise.
- Recognized across the U.S., this certification can increase earnings and showcase your teaching expertise.
- Technology Training:
- With the rise of digital classrooms, certifications in tools like Google Workspace for Education or Microsoft Teams can make you indispensable.
- With the rise of digital classrooms, certifications in tools like Google Workspace for Education or Microsoft Teams can make you indispensable.
- Specialized Fields:
- Consider certifications in gifted education, counseling, or behavior intervention for niche roles.
- Consider certifications in gifted education, counseling, or behavior intervention for niche roles.
- Workshops and Conferences:
- Attend conferences like the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) or the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) to stay on top of trends and connect with other educators.
- Attend conferences like the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) or the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) to stay on top of trends and connect with other educators.
The Return on Investment (ROI) of Professional Development
Let’s do the math: Imagine you invest $5,000 in a graduate course that bumps your salary by $2,500 annually. In just two years, you’ve recouped your investment—and every year after, it’s pure profit. Plus, you’ve added skills that benefit your students and career.
10. Reevaluate Your Expenses Regularly
One of the most effective strategies for managing your finances is periodically reviewing your expenses. Over time, small recurring costs—like subscriptions, insurance premiums, or unused memberships—can quietly drain your budget. For teachers, who often work within tight financial margins, identifying and cutting unnecessary expenses can free up money for savings, debt reduction, or professional growth. Regular expense reviews help ensure that your spending aligns with your financial goals.
How to Reevaluate Your Expenses
- Review Subscriptions and Memberships:
- Many people forget about recurring charges for services they no longer use, such as streaming platforms, magazine subscriptions, or gym memberships.
- Action Step: Review your bank statements and cancel anything you don’t actively use or enjoy.
- Many people forget about recurring charges for services they no longer use, such as streaming platforms, magazine subscriptions, or gym memberships.
- Audit Your Insurance Policies:
- Periodically compare rates for auto, home, or renters’ insurance to ensure you’re getting the best deal.
- Pro Tip: Many insurance companies offer discounts for bundling multiple policies or being a teacher.
- Periodically compare rates for auto, home, or renters’ insurance to ensure you’re getting the best deal.
- Examine Utility Bills:
- Check for opportunities to save on electricity, internet, or phone services.
- Action Step: Negotiate with your providers or switch to a more affordable plan.
- Check for opportunities to save on electricity, internet, or phone services.
- Track Spending Habits:
- Use budgeting apps like Mint or YNAB to monitor your expenses and identify areas where you can cut back.
- For example, are there opportunities to reduce dining out or impulse purchases?
- Use budgeting apps like Mint or YNAB to monitor your expenses and identify areas where you can cut back.
- Evaluate Professional Expenses:
- Review the cost of classroom supplies or professional development tools to find ways to save without sacrificing quality. Consider using educator discounts or grants.
- Review the cost of classroom supplies or professional development tools to find ways to save without sacrificing quality. Consider using educator discounts or grants.
- Set a Reminder for Regular Reviews:
- Schedule a recurring date—such as every six months or at the start of the school year—to review your financial commitments.
- Schedule a recurring date—such as every six months or at the start of the school year—to review your financial commitments.
The Benefits of Regular Expense Reviews
- Free Up Funds: Identifying even small savings can add up significantly over time.
- Align Spending with Goals: Ensure your money is being spent on what truly matters—whether it’s saving for retirement, planning a summer vacation, or building an emergency fund.
- Reduce Financial Stress: Knowing your finances are optimized can provide peace of mind.
Conclusion
Managing money effectively is essential for teachers, who often face unique financial challenges. These 10 financial tips provide actionable steps to help educators achieve greater financial wellness:
- Create a Monthly Budget: Take control of your income and expenses with a clear plan.
- Set Savings Goals: Prepare for short- and long-term financial needs with consistent saving strategies.
- Take Advantage of Educator Discounts: Use discounts for supplies, travel, and more to stretch your budget.
- Reduce Debt Strategically: Prioritize high-interest debt and explore consolidation or refinancing options.
- Maximize Retirement Contributions: Leverage 403(b) or 401(k) plans and employer matches to secure your future.
- Use Tax Breaks for Educators: Claim deductions for classroom expenses and professional development.
- Plan for Summer Months: Save proactively for unpaid summer breaks.
- Explore Side Gigs or Passive Income: Boost your income with side hustles tailored to your skills.
- Invest in Professional Development: Increase your earning potential with certifications or advanced degrees.
- Reevaluate Your Expenses Regularly: Periodically audit subscriptions, insurance, and recurring costs to cut waste.
Take Small Steps Toward Financial Wellness
Improving your financial situation doesn’t happen overnight, but small, consistent changes can have a profound impact over time. Start by choosing one or two tips from this list and implementing them today. With each step, you’ll build a stronger financial foundation and greater peace of mind.
If you found these tips helpful, share this blog with your fellow educators! Empowering teachers with financial knowledge helps create a more secure and thriving community. Together, we can make financial wellness an achievable goal for all educators.
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79+ Districts thriving with Parallel
Kelsey Breen
Special Education Coordinator,
Illinois Valley Central School District
The professionals you need, the flexibility you want
With live-online services we are able to find related service professionals that will not compete against your ability to hire individuals in-district. We can reach IEP and 504 students from multiple sites, and offer flexible scheduling and pricing options.